Sample Essay on:
Where is AI Going?

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This 3 page paper discusses two articles about A.I., and argues that Newell and Simon’s approach (symbol recognition and heuristic search) is possibly less effective than that proposed by Brooks (perception and action). Bibliography lists 2 sources.

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3 pages (~225 words per page)

File: D0_HVAIGoes.rtf

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very far from a true A.I.-a machine that thinks. This paper considers two articles about developing artificial intelligence, and what the authors might think of the field today. Discussion The first article is by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, who argue that "physical symbol systems are capable of intelligent action, and that general intelligent action calls for a physical symbol system" (Newell and Simon, 1975, p. 118). A "physical symbol system" obeys the laws of physics and consists of a "set of entities, called symbols, which are physical patterns that can occur as components of another type of entity called an expression (or symbol structure)" (Newell and Simon, 1975, p. 116). At any given time, the system will contain a number of these symbol structures; in addition, the system also contains, at any given time, a number of processes that "operate on expressions to produce other expressions," (Newell and Simon, 1975, p. 116). Among these processes are "creation, modification, reproduction and destruction" (Newell and Simon, 1975, p. 116). But while the physical symbol systems provide the framework for intelligent action, this model doesnt explain how they work; Newell and Simon leave that to a second model, the heuristic search (1975). Here, the "solutions to problems are presented as symbol structures," which as weve already seen, are physical patterns that represent an expression (Newell and Simon, 1975, p. 120). Thus the heuristic search looks for these structures: "A physical symbol system exercises its intelligence in problem solving by search-that is, by generating and progressively modifying symbol structures until it produces a solution structure" (Newell and Simon, 1975, p. 120). Rodney A. Brooks doesnt agree. He says that A.I. research has "foundered on the issue of representation," (Brooks, 1991, p. 139), when it would seem that Newell and Simon are ...

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