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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
In six pages this paper assesses America’s 1991 involvement in the first Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) within the contexts of the just war theory, realism, humanism, and Professor David Armstrong’s evaluation of U.S. foreign policy featured in the text Ethics and Statecraft: The Moral Dimension of International Affairs to determine if these concepts sanction or condemn America’s military action in this instance. Seven sources are listed in the bibliography.
Page Count:
6 pages (~225 words per page)
File: TG15_TGforpolicy.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
lies under the suspicion of being no policy at all" (Armstrong 75). This could sadly summarize the current state of U.S. foreign policy in which the classical virtues of
diplomacy and statesmanship are being overtaken by rationalizations and "moral ambiguities" (Armstrong 88). As the recent U.S. military actions in Vietnam, in the first Persian Gulf War, and the
current war in Iraq strongly suggest, morality has been all but taken out of the diplomatic equation altogether. Instead of pacifism, which has been defined as nonviolent response to
aggression, realism and just war theories have instead predominated, which have escalated rather than limited the use of U.S. military force (Sterba 21). According to the realism theorists like chief
architect Henry Kissinger (and no doubt inspired by the political philosophy Thomas Hobbes articulated in Leviathan), human nature has rendered war to be an inevitability (Calhoun 37). Realists maintain
that "cool-headed" policy that assesses situations based upon current events and perceptions of outcomes and their long-term effects (Armstrong 88). Realism as a theory maintains that war can be
conducted within carefully articulated parameters that remain neutral and can thereby evaluate consequences that are not influenced by moral values. However, the late Sen. J. William Fulbright advocated neither
morality nor realism. Instead, he advocated "humanism" as a primary American foreign policy objective that would pay due respect to human nature and cultural diversity (Armstrong 89). He
once eloquently noted there have historically been two Americas that have been vying for foreign policy dominance: "One is the America of Lincoln and Adlai Stevenson, the other is
the America of Teddy Roosevelt and the modern superpatriots. One is generous and human, the other narrowly egotistical; one is self-critical, the other self-righteous; one is sensible, the other
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