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This 11 page paper provides an overview of the basic theories of transference and countertransference and applies Petruska Clarkson's views to an understanding of the issues related to these. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
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11 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MH11_MHTransCoun.rtf
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psychologists including Petruska Clarkson, who maintained that the transference/countertransference is one of the five central psychotherapeutic relationship modalities. In understanding the development of psychoanalytical relationships, it is of value
to understand the concepts of transference and countertransference, as well as the impact of psychological theory and cultural influences, as they can shape therapeutic outcomes. Theoretical Background
Though Petruska Clarkson wrote extensively on the concepts of transference and countertransference in the therapeutic relationship in the 1980s and 1990s, these concepts were not new to the field of
psychoanalysis. In fact, Sigmund Freud first identified transference as a frequent component of the psychoanalytical process, one by which a person develops "a distorted perception of an individual based
on ones past significant relationships" (Gordon, 2003, p. 8). For example, a patient might develop strong feelings, e.g. love, hate, or erotic feelings, for a therapist, but these feelings
are a progression of identifying "unresolved unconscious conflicts" (Gordon, 2003, p. 8). While these feelings can cause some concern within the therapeutic relationship, understanding and resolving the feelings can
be an essential part of a patients growth (Gordon, 2003). Freud identified transferences as "facsimiles of the impulses and fantasies that are aroused and made conscious during the progress
of analysis" (Freud, 1905, p. 116). He did, however, recognize that these impulses and fantasies were specific to the therapeutic relationship because another person is replaced by the image
or thought of the therapist. "To put it another way: a whole series of psychological experiences are revived, not as belonging to the past, but as applying to the
person of the physician at the present moment" (Freud, 1905, p. 116). Other theorists, including Heinrich Racher and Otto Fenichel, have also identified elements related to the concept of
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