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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 9 page paper discusses Title IX and the controversy that has existed since the law was passed in 1972. The three components for compliance are explained. Since it has been 30 years since Title IX was passed, one might think that every institution of higher education is now compliant but that is not the case. In fact more than 80 percent are out of compliance with at least one of the three criteria. The discussion includes the arguments on both sides of the debate. The focus of this essay is sports and athletics. Data are included. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Page Count:
9 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGtixsp.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
financial assistance. - (From the preamble to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972). On June 23, 1972, President Nixon signed the Education Amendments of 1972, which included
Title IX, barring gender discrimination by educational institutions receiving any federal funds (Riley, 1997). One of the most impacting components of that law addressed secondary and postsecondary athletic programs. Schools
had to meet proportionate ratios in their athletic programs, both in terms of resources and in terms of numbers of team members. There had to be equity between girls and
womens sports programs and boys and mens sports programs. There was a little wrinkle in compliance with Title IX. In 1984, the Supreme Court ruled that the law did not
cover all aspects of schools, it covered only those programs for which federal funds was received and used (Block, 2002). Since athletics and sports did not receive federal funds, these
programs did not have to comply, so, from 1984 through 1988, Title IX did not apply to intercollegiate sports and athletics (Block, 2002). In 1988, Congress passed the Civil Rights
Restoration Act, they did so overriding President Reagans veto, and once again colleges and universities had to comply with the provision s of Title IX in their sports and
athletics programs (Block, 2002). After 30 years, it would be reasonable to assume that all educational institutions had eliminated gender-oriented discriminatory practices in athletic programs. This is, sadly, not the
case. Dramatic gains have been made but there is still a very long way to go before girls and women have true equity in sports and athletic programs in high
schools and colleges. Title IX is composed of three components: I. Accommodation of Interests and Abilities - most of the lawsuits allege violation of this component (Lichtman, 1998, 64).
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