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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
An 8 page investigation into the universality of facial communication. The author reviews literature both supporting and refuting this claim. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Page Count:
8 pages (~225 words per page)
File: AM2_PPpersn3.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
Many factors interblend to determine the nature and quality of interpersonal relations. Theorists have attempted to describe these factors
for centuries. Most commonly acknowledge differences in interpersonal relations in reference to factors such as culture. It is widely believed that the way individual communicate, for example, can
be determined by culture. This contention is particularly interesting when it comes to face to face communication. Face to face communication is, after all, one of the most
critical components of interpersonal relations. The particulars of that type of communication, however, can vary dramatically. This variance is the subject of a particularly interesting article in a
1997 edition of "The Journal of Social Psychology". In that article authors Kenji Nagashima and James Schellenberg investigate a theory of interpersonal as it relates to situational differences in
smiling. There work is made even more interesting, however, by the volume of other articles that exist in the literature concerning facial communication. Some contend that there is
no cross cultural uniformity in facial communication and some refute those contentions. Many researchers contend that differences in communication styles, particularly in facial
communication, is a reflection of culture. Nagashima and Schellenberg (1997) have studied the kinds of smiles that people intend to convey in particular situations. They found
that the types of smiles which were intended differed as did the interpretation of those smiles among cultures (Nagashima and Schellenberg, 1997). Others, however, maintain that facial expression is
universal among all human cultures, that there is little or no cultural difference in the meaning of facial expression. Fridlund, for example, suggests, that there is significant evidence suggesting
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