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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
4 pages in length. Essay analytically discusses socio-political and socio-political problems in 13th century Italy. Social classes and gender roles are touched upon. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Page Count:
4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_13thcent.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
were at constant war with Arezzo, Pistoia, Lucca, Pisa and Siena. They were all Italians, but jurisdictions overlapped, and each little area had a government all its own, with special
social groups and political parties that acted nearly autonomously. Each political entity, then had its own institutions and as such acted aggressively toward other groups. The modern idea of business
through cooperation had not yet come into the every day sense of use for everyones gain. Instead of one law, well-defined jurisdictions, and courts of redress for inequities and failures
to meet certain legal standards, there was such a complexity of relationships that it was nearly impossible to determine who was at fault. The area in 13th Century Italy
as well as in other such countries and city-states were rife with individual factions and feudal powers, the rights of individuals did not exist as they do today. Then when
the different factions fought each other, they did so to the point of murderous annihilation. The losers lost everything, their homes, lands, goods were confiscated, put in exile, and their
children taken from them if not killed. In order to regain any lost ground, any losers that were left then made alliances with other parties in nearby cities and waged
war against the land and country in which they were born. The sense of incessant vengeance and chain of cruelty never ceased to end. The Catholic Church especially was
involved in not only influencing different parties against each other, but had ongoing internecine wars based not only on church dogma, but struggles for power among powerful families wishing to
control the Church. For instance, in the first phase of the conflict between Frederick II and the Church, two parties had formed in Italy, the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which
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