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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
12 pages in length. In today's modern society, four markets currently exist in which human components are exchanged for economic compensation : human blood, human organs, surrogate motherhood, and human reproductive cells. All of these, in essence, essentially place a monetary value upon our human lives. In this well-researched paper, the writer examines a number of ethical issues concerning "marketplaces" for human parts. Various examples and relevant case studies are presented. Bibliography lists 25+ sources.
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12 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_Valulife.doc
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of their husbands until the 20th century (Dworkin 1981). Laqueur (1983) writes that a thriving market in human cadavers and body parts for medical dissection existed in both France
and England from the 1790s through the 1840s. Currently, four markets exist in which human components are exchanged for economic compensation concurrent with altruistic donations of the same components: human
blood, human organs, surrogate motherhood, and human reproductive cells. All of these, in essence, essentially place a monetary value upon our human lives. Strong ethical and consumer policy
issues have been raised by each of these markets. The ethical arguments already put forward for two-blood and human organs are discussed in this report and a possible model
of exchange presented which can account for these concerns. This will be followed by a detailed application of the model in the most recent market for the commercial exchange
of human components: new reproductive technologies. The purpose is to explore the normative and ethical foundations upon which human markets are currently based and to
extend these to a consideration of the consumer policy issues that will affect the burgeoning growth in novel reproductive markets. In particular, the sacred and profane aspects of using
reproductive technologies to alleviate childlessness will be addressed, as well as their relevance to more traditional approaches to infertility, such as adoption. II. Markets for Human Blood
In his seminal book, The Gift Relationship, Titmuss (1970) describes in detail the ethical and economic underpinnings of two markets for human blood-that based upon the altruistic
gesture of providing ones blood for transfusion (usually) to strangers and the other based upon selling ones blood to a commercial blood bank. Titmuss strongly advocates the enforcement of
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