Here is the synopsis of our sample research paper on The Chinese and Japanese Bureaucracies
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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 3 page paper briefly compares the Japanese and Chinese bureaucracies. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Page Count:
3 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_HVchjpbu.rtf
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the Chinese model: "Japan ... adopted a Chinese style bureaucracy as early as the Nara period (710-794)" (Pempel, 1992, p. 19). Although bureaucracies developed throughout Japan in various geographical regions
after that, it was the "establishment of centralized feudalism under the Tokugawa family in the early 1600s ... [that] marks the earliest seeds of a modern national bureaucracy" (Pempel, 1992,
p. 19-emphasis in original). The legendary Tokugawa era seems to have been an odd mix of officialdom and local autonomy: the government "exercised direct control over only about one-quarter of
Japan, with the remainder largely under local control" (Pempel, 1992, p. 19). In the local regions, samurai warriors often became "de facto civilian administrators" (Pempel, 1992, p. 19). But not
matter what form the government took, whether it was local or at the level of the shogun, chance and birth, among other factors, played a larger part in promotion and
choice of duty than competence (Pempel, 1992). Despite this, throughout the Tokugawa period (1600-1868), "civilian administration unquestionably expanded in areas such as tax collection, justice, finance, construction and religious
supervision" (Pempel, 1992, p. 19). Finally, at both the national and local levels, "proven competence came to take the place of heredity in determining both assignments and promotions" (Pempel, 1992,
p. 19). The model for the bureaucracy that exists in Japan today was laid down under the Meiji government that followed the Tokugawa (Pempel, 1992). The power of the
Tokugawa was transferred to a "small group of nobles and former samurai" (Meiji Period (1868 - 1912), 2002). The Meiji had been forced to sign treaties with the Western powers
that gave the latter "one-sided economical and legal advantages in Japan" (Meiji Period (1868-1912), 2002). In order to win respect from other nations and regain her independence, Meiji Japan "was
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