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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 17 page paper divided into two major parts. The first part discusses the emergence and evolution of systems theory and systems thinking and includes discussions on complexity, chaos theory, field theory, cybernetics, transcendence and transformation and evolution, among other things. The second part discusses using systems thinking in education. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Page Count:
17 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGsys08.RTF
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
and teachings from biochemistry to philosophy to sociology (Vincent, 2002). His integration of these different subject areas may have had an impact on the future development of systems theory and
thinking. Walter B. Cannon, a colleague and friend of Henderson, wrote about the homeostasis of organisms and argued that this same theory of the need for homeostasis could be applied
in other settings, such as different kinds of organizations (Vincent, 2002). Many theorists consider the work of these two men as preparatory work for systems theory. Capra (1997) adds
that during the 1920s, systems thinking emerged in three fields almost simultaneously: "organismic biology, gestalt psychology, and ecology." Scientists in these fields were exploring living systems so the field of
systems thinking has always been an interdisciplinary one (Capra, 1997). One of their many questions was related to a famous phrase: exactly how is the whole greater than the sum
of its parts (Capra, 1997)? Capra (1997) also said that the field of ecology was new in the 1920s and it added greatly to the study of systems. The essential
basic concept was the knowledge that ecological communities were known to be comprised of organisms that were linked together for survival and growth (Capra, 1997). In other words, there was
a network within ecological communities that provided organisms with the means to life. In 1928, a Hungarian biologist, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, proposed what is now referred to as General Systems
Theory (Kjos Ministries, 2008). He described the open system as one that affects and is affected by the environment and other things. Bertalanffy stated that "a system is characterized by
the interactions of its components" (Kjos Ministries, 2008). Lilienfeld later commented that Bertalanffy believed that "physics, biology, psychology, and physiology all cultivate the general system theory" (Vincent, 2002). Years later,
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