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This 4 page paper provides an overview of Sutherland's Differential Association theory as it applies to the crime of rape. This paper considers the implications of this theory for understanding criminal activity. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
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4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MH11_MHCriRap.rtf
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situations. Crime not only develops from recognition of the action, but also from learning motives and attitudes. One of the major contentions in Sutherlands theory is that criminal
learning is void of concern for the consequences for others and only reflects the personal gains for the criminal. At the same time, this approach is also supported through
social control, demonstrating that interconnectedness with social elements and how this can impact the choice of crime. Instead of focusing on the action itself, it is possible to demonstrate
to offenders the way in which criminal behavior impacts areas of the population or individuals that are connected to the offender. More often than not, though, this process does
not demonstrate outcomes for individuals who practice problematic serial criminal behaviors. In his work Stigma: Notes on the Management of Soiled Identity, Goffman (1963) argued that some individuals, demonstrate a
propensity for addressing self-identification and the embracing of negative stigma through relationship both with deviants and with individuals within the normative culture. Identification, then, is not simply a
static process through which the bearers are defined as secondary to the "normal" individuals of the larger social collective. In other words, individuals who already have a particular
stigma attached to elements of their personal development may find that no matter how they work to dispel this stigma, some of the conditions that determined its acceptability will only
further exacerbate their exclusion. Deviant behavior, then, including substantive criminality, sometimes comes as an extension of the notion of stigmatization and the fact that there is already in place
a level of marginalization, and so no risk of a loss of social acceptability because of deviant behaviors. This view, then, relates the constructivist theories to the process of
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