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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 4 page research paper that summarizes, contrasts and compares literature on subcutaneous and intramuscular injections. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Page Count:
4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_khscim3.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
also be administered by needleless devices, such as jet injectors (WHO, 2003b). Deficient injection practices can lead to the spread of infections, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C or the
transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WHO, 2003a; Hauri, Armstrong and Hutin, 2004). In many Third World countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) has determined injection safety to be a
major problem (Nosocomial Infection, 2005). Nurses have the responsibility to not only maintaining antiseptic practices, but they must also evaluate the optimal route of drug administration when a preferred
route is available (Prettyman, 2005). The vast majority of vaccines, as well as many other medications, can be injected by either an intramuscular (IM) route or by a subcutaneous (SC)
route, which makes determination of the best route indeterminate in many cases (Parini, 2003). IM injections are administered "deep into skeletal muscles," usually "gluteal, deltoid, rectus femoris or vastus lateralis
muscles" are chosen as injection sites (Prettyman, 2005). SC injections penetrate the "epidermal and dermal layers of the skin and deliver the drug into the loose subcutaneous tissue" (Prettyman, 2005).
Both routes of administration have advantages and disadvantages and it is also true that the manufacturers of some drugs specify the preferred route (Prettyman, 2005). With IM administration, a
larger volume of medication can be administered, between 2 and 5 ml (Prettyman, 2005). A drawback is that due to the distance from the surface of the skin to the
muscle, the IM route of administration necessitates the use of a longer needle, usually between 1 and 2 inches (Prettyman, 2005). IM administration of medications that are not readily soluble
also has the advantage that they deliver desired concentrations of the drug over an extended period of time, as a single IM injection of penicillin G benzathine suspension can result
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