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This 4 page paper discusses the study of crime, criminal careers, and the philosophy of punishment. The writer reports some of the different approaches to studying crime; what criminal careers mean, and four philosophies of punishment. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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File: ME12_PGcrmsrp.rtf
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prominent group to study crime although a psychologists and political scientists have contributed important information and theories. Economists are a recent addition to the disciplines involved in these investigations.
The study of crime considers different aspects of crime, the nature of crime, the nature of criminals and behaviors. Stevens (2004) attempted to provide a list of the many different
theoretical approaches to the study of crime dating back to the late 1800s when Lombroso tried to use scientific methods to explain the causes of crime. In the early 1900s,
some psychologists attempted to show that criminals had a lower IQ while others suggests criminals has personality disorders. The first sociological theory of crime was ecological which studied the relationships
between the criminal and the environment (Stevens, 2004). Control theories that emerged in the 1960s suggested that crime had to do with self-control and an individuals relationships with others, particularly
with parents and other authority figures. It postulates that effective bonding between individual and parents or other authorities is like bonding with society which reduces the possibility of crime (Stevens,
2004). This is one of the theories that is most often cited when studying the crime and the nature of crime. Post-modern theory suggests that individuals commit crimes because they
feel dehumanized or disconnected from the society (Stevens, 2004). 2. Criminal Careers Land and DUnger (2010) explain that the criminal career is one wherein the individual continues to commit
crimes repeatedly over a long period of time. There are four structural elements related to criminal career: participation/prevalence, seriousness, career length and frequency/incidence. Participation is a macro-measurement that considers the
proportion of a specific population that is involved in criminal activities while frequency relates to how often the criminal offenders commit crimes (Land and DUnger, 2010). Seriousness is what
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