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compared to criterion-referenced testing. The author also discusses the types of information that can be obtained from the tests. Cardman, Michael. (2003, July). Study: human error rife in standardized testing:
board outlines scenarios by which faulty scores penalized thousands. Education Daily 36(125), 1(2). There are numerous errors made in reporting scores of standardized tests, human error as well as
machine error. Cardman reports studies that have revealed the costs of these errors, such as students not receiving their real scores. Carter, Cathy. (n.d.). Achievement Gap. Retrieved February 2, 2005,
from The University of Georgia http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:DZSDdpzhWqAJ:www.rmle.pdx.edu/Achievement%2520Gap-Encyclopedia.doc+%2B%22standardized+tests%22+%2Bcompare+%2Bscores+%2Bsuburban+%2Burban+%22innercity%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8. Carters article focuses on the achievement gap found between specific populations, such as urban, racial, poverty and so on. These different demographics have a
devastating effect on children and youth in terms of their learning and achievement. One statistic reported is that the gap was most severe among racial/ethnic groups in grades, 4, 8
and 12. The author discuses reasons and makes recommendations. Curriculum Review. (2003, November). Standardized testing errors shoot up. Curriculum Review 43(3), 8C(1). This very short article reports the number of
errors or testing problems that were reported in 2002 - 18. Education USA. (2004, May). Study: Chicago students dont gain from retention. Education USA 46(5), 12(1). The Chicago school
district has a very controversial policies about test results that are aimed at reducing social promotions. This article discusses the policy and its outcomes. FairTest. (n.d.). The Dangerous Consequences of
High-Stakes Standardized Testing. Retrieved February 2, 2005, from http://www.fairtest.org/facts/Dangerous%20Consequences.html. In this article from the National Center for Fair & Open Testing, the group explains what makes a test "high stakes"
and what standardized testing is. The article discusses what the research says about high stakes testing and some of the consequences, for example, drop-out rates increase, and teachers narrowing the
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