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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 14 page paper provides an overview of sickle cell anemia and a case study. Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is the result of changes in genetic disease that results from changes in the chemical composition of hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells (RBCs). Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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14 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MH11_MHSickle.rtf
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2003). "Normal Hgb is a round or ball-shaped folded molecule composed of 4 protein subunits - 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. The chemical change is a
valine amino acid substituted for glutamic acid in both of the beta chains (HbSS)" (Smirniotopoulos, 2003). This alteration changes the shape of the molecule under specific conditions, especially when
lowered oxygen concentration occurs or when there is less fluid in the cell (Smirniotopolous, 2003). The distorted shape of the hemoglobin results in a distortion in the shape of the
red blood cells (Smirniotopoulous, 2003). Normal blood cells are shaped like tiny doughnuts, but sickle cells are shaped like the curved like a half moon (Sickle, 2002). The shape
of blood cells is important as it allows the blood cell to slip into and out of veins, arteries and capillaries and therefore supply the body with the necessary oxygen
and nutrients it needs. However, with a sickle cell, not only is the blood cell unable to carry the oxygen correctly, but they can damage the walls of the arteries
and veins, often causing clots to occur. "Sickle cell diseases are a group of inherited hemoglobin disorders characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, a heightened susceptibility to infections, end-organ damage,
and intermittent episodes of vascular occlusion causing both acute and chronic pain. It is estimated that 70,000 Americans of different ethnic backgrounds have sickle cell disease. In the U.S., sickle
cell syndromes are present in 1 in 400 African Americans. The disease is also found in high frequency in individuals from certain areas of the Mediterranean basin, the middle east,
and India" (Sickle Cell Review, 2004). Most people are tested for Sickle Cell Anemia when they are babies, regardless of ethnic origin. Because it is a genetic
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