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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 8 page paper examines how gray wolves became endangered in the first place, what is being done to help them recover and the part Native Americans play in the recovery. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
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8 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_HVGryWlf.rtf
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as programs designed specifically to reintroduce the species get underway. This paper examines how the wolves became endangered in the first place, what is being done to help them recover
and the part Native Americans play in the recovery. The Extermination of the Gray Wolf The gray wolf was a resident of the North American continent long before humans arrived,
and when they did, they had very different reactions to the animal. The Native Americans revered and respected the wolf, but Europeans feared it, and the "U.S. government instituted programs
supporting wolf eradication. Consequently, the animals were driven from 47 of the contiguous states" (Johnson). They survived only in three areas: Canada, Minnesota and Alaska (Johnson). The Pilgrims put
the first bounty on wolves in November, 1630, in Boston; by the middle of the 19th century, "wolves in North America had become the prime targets of the fur trade,
and the object of loathing by farmers and ranchers, who feared for their families and livestock" (Johnson). The U.S. government employed bounty hunters to kill wolves, with the result that
between 1870 and 1877, they shot "approximately 55,000 wolves each year, for a total of 385,000 wolf deaths in only seven years" (Johnson). Then in 1907, with the U.S. increasing
its westward expansion, the U.S. Biological Survey "declared the extermination of the wolf as the paramount objective of the government" (Johnson). President Theodore Roosevelt called wolves "the beast[s] of waste
and destruction" and backed what subsequently became a "full-scale campaign aimed at the total elimination of the wolf in the United States" (Johnson). The government very nearly pulled it off
and only a handful of the animals survived. Reintroduction Plans According to the Defenders of Wildlife, "only five states have created management plans for the gray wolf: Idaho, Michigan,
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