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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 3 page paper that explains planned change, emergent change and opportunistic change. The writer reports the proportion of technology projects that fail and what not to do in project management.
Page Count:
3 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGplchgn.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
have been expected but since it is occurring, managers reinforce the change process, or, they may decide to discourage that change if it is not productive (Yates, 2008). Planned
change is just as it sounds. It is change that has been planned. Planned change initiatives are usually driven by upper management, i.e., they are top-down types of change initiatives
(Cornelius & Associates, 2004). Emergent change can be driven by any level in the organizational structure (Cornelius & Associates, 2004). Yates (2008) reports that researchers and social scientists have been
investigating how change that involves technology emerges spontaneously from different actions that may or may not be deliberate or that may be improvisations based on knowledge used in a different
situation. This would mean that emergent change is also on-going, it is "something that emerges from the interactions of people as they use the technology in a particular setting" (Yates,
2008). When new information technology is introduced, it has generally been seen as a planned change but that is not necessarily true (Yates, 2008). New technology will often result in
emergent changes as users modify, extend, or otherwise change it (Yates, 2008). This author points out that no matter how well planned an initiative is, the community using it will
likely modify it. These are unplanned changes that allow the users to use the technology more effectively (Yates, 2008). Yates (2008) reports the story behind the adoption of
the TCP/IP standard as an example. in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was basically a war between OSI and TCP/IP in terms of which would become the standard
(Yates, 2008). OSI was a planned, top-down initiative supported by major authorities and was intended to become the official ISO standard (Yates, 2008). However, the Internet Engineering Task Forces pushed
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