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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
In five pages this paper examines the benefits opiates can provide to ensuring positive mental health in their treatment of depression and heroin dependence. Nine sources are listed in the bibliography.
Page Count:
5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: TG15_TGopimental.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
Morgan, Frost-Pineda, and Gold 404). For instance, opiates and opioids have been used as analgesics or as pain relievers (Lanier and Kharasch 572; Morgan, Frost-Pineda, and Gold 404).
Prior to 1960, opioids were used in conjunction with natural opiates (most notably morphine) or structural variations (such as methadone and meperidine) (Lanier and Kharasch 572). However, the limited
medical uses for opiates and opioids expanded considerably when Paul Janssen revealed the clinical implications of phenylpiperidine opioid fentanyl (Lanier and Kharasch 572). Phenylpiperidine opioid fentanyl is 100 times
more potent than morphine, but can be administered in small doses that lessen the duration of its effects (Lanier and Kharasch 572). This opened the pharmaceutical door to countless
prescription opioids becoming available in such categories as the "strong opioids" such as morphine, methadone, fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and hydromorphone, and "weak opioids" that include meperidine, codeine, propoxyphene, and pentazocine
(Morgan, Frost-Pineda, and Gold 405). As a result, between 1997 and 2004, the medical applications for methadone rose an astounding 800 percent, oxycodone 550 percent, fentanyl approximately 400 percent,
hydrocodone and hydromorphone 175 percent, and morphine 140 percent (Morgan, Frost-Pineda, and Gold 405). These applications have been applied with particular mental health effectiveness to the treatment of depression
and the dependence upon heroin. Depression is likely the most common malady experienced by adults (Grinspoon and Bakalar). There are physical and emotional symptoms of depression that include
loss of energy and appetite, fatigue, problems with concentration, anxiety, short temperedness, low self-worth, and thoughts of suicide (Grinspoon and Bakalar). Amphetamines were the first types of drugs employed
to treat depression back in 1936 (Grinspoon and Bakalar). However, it did not take long for physicians to discover that amphetamines were not effective ways to treat severe forms
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