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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 14 page overview of the differences in brain structure and neuroarchitectural that exists between males and females. These differences are found in numerous species of vertebrates and, in fact, in human beings themselves. Just what these differences mean, however, in terms of cognitive function is a subject of considerable debate. It does appear, however, that the manner in which males and females process information differs significantly. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Page Count:
14 pages (~225 words per page)
File: AM2_PPsexBr2.rtf
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number of respects. Some of these differences can be related to societal condition but others are related strictly to physiology. Differences such as the presence or absence of
testes are really quite simplistic, however, compared with the other physiological differences that occur between the sexes. Researchers have confirmed the fact that males and females even differ in
regard to the size and function of their brains! When we consider nature overall, however, this discovery is really not that surprising. We accept the fact that the
size and shape of the brain, and indeed even the neurological function, of other animals reflects the animals specific place on the evolutionary tree as well as the particulars of
their development, genetic makeup, their lifeways, and even the pathological processes that have or might affect an organism (Allen, Bruss, and Damasio, 2004). Numerous factors can affect the structure
of the human brain as well and, in turn, these factors sometimes influence brain size and neurological function differently between males and females. Swab, Chung, Kruijver, Hofman, and
Ishunina (2001) report that cerebral-based sex differences likely serve as the basis for not just sexual differences as they relate to reproduction, gender identity, and sexual orientation, but also as
they relate to "the prevalence of psychiatric and neurological diseases". There are numerous structural sex differences in the brain. The differences in
the size of the preoptic area (SDNA-POA), for example, was first described by Gorski et. al. in 1978 (Swab, Chung, Kruijver, Hofman, and Ishunina, 2001). This nucleus is three
to eight times larger in male rats than in female rats (Swab, Chung, Kruijver, Hofman, and Ishunina, 2001). There is apparently a similar sexual dimorphism in the human hypothalamus.
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