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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 3 page paper. This essay focuses on two motivation theories, Hull's drive reduction theory and Vroom's expectancy theory. Maslow and Skinner are mentioned for comparison. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
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3 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGmtvw8.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
were abandoned. The early biological theory of motivation, for instance, were replaced with drive reduction theories. These are biologically-oriented but they incorporate learning while focusing on homeostasis. Another way to
say this is that individuals need to maintain a degree of equilibrium (Encyclopedia of Psychology 2008). Theorists suggest that the need for homeostasis is what drives a person to
do or not do something. The learning comes into play in that drives can be learned, such as a persons need for success and money. Individuals see what success brings
to other people and want to have the same things. Thus, the needs for success and wealth is learned by observing persons who either have achieved these things and observing
those who have not achieved these things. According to theorists, like Maslow and Hull, the drive for achievement is a secondary driver while the need for mere survival is
a primary driver. Maslow said that primary needs are those things that are needed for physical survival, such as air, food, water and shelter, thus, they are biological needs (Encyclopedia
of Psychology 2008). The secondary drives, such as accomplishment, can only become motivating factors if the primary or most basic needs are met. Secondary drives are learned but they prompt
the very same types of activities as primary drives, i.e., the individual needs to meet that need (Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2008). Along this same line, Clarke Hull proposed
a drive reduction theory that was comprised of three components (Kearsley 2008). The three components are S, the stimulus, O, the organism, and R, the response. The stimulus incorporates specific
variables, such as the initial drive, the strength of the individuals habits, and incentives (Kearsley 2008). There are numerous similarities between Hulls drive reduction theory and Skinners operant conditioning theory,
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