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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 8 page paper considers the different ways in which public policy may be pursued by government. The model used looks at the level of government involvement and defines voluntary instruments, such as families and charities, mixed instruments such as coercion with tax incentives, fines and subsidies and compulsory instruments such as regulations, direct provision and public enterprises. The writer then looks at an issue in public policy to see how it is enacted uses a variety to tools. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Page Count:
8 pages (~225 words per page)
File: TS14_TEpubpol.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
of implementation are variable, in the 1960s Kirschen identified a range of 60 different tools available to government (Howlett and Ramesh, 1996). Others have sought to classify the tools that
can be used with systems that have tended to gravitate to measurment by the level and commitment of government. For example, Cush?man, Lowi, and Dahl and Lindblom who made very
broad generalisations and classifications based on whether or not regulation was used (Howlett and Ramesh, 1996) Others added categories such as whether the tool had a cost financial cost
(Howlett and Ramesh, 1996). One way of classifying the tools and can be measured in terms of the level of control that the government wishes to exercise. These may also
be seen to reflect G. Bruce Doern and Richard Phidds levels of coercion model (Howlett and Ramesh, 1996). The choices will be influenced by a number of factors, such as
the importance, cost and size of the issue. This is a single scale of involvement, with a total involvement on one end of the scale and a zero
involvement on the other. For many public policies there may be several tools used that will be placed between two extremes. The zero intervention are the voluntary instruments with the
compulsory instruments at the opposite end of the scale and mixed instruments in the middle (Howlett and Ramesh, 1996). Each of the tools has specific strengths and weaknesses which will
indicate their attractiveness for different policy issues. Within the voluntary instruments, there are tools such as Family and Community, Voluntary Organization and Private Markets. The advantage of all the
voluntary instruments are the lack of government cost. The government may make a policy choice that reflects an unwillingness to intervene. This may be due to the way that the
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