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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 19 page paper. The first section explains and discusses two learning theories: behaviorist and humanist. Theorists included are Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Maslow and Rogers. Both classical and operant conditioning are explained with examples. The major principles of each theory are explained. The second section explains and discusses two teaching models, cognitive and constructivist. Theorists include Bruner, Gagne, Ausubel, and Vygotsky. Specific instructional approaches and strategies are discussed. The last section focuses on adult learning theories and why experiential models are more effective. Bibliography lists 25 sources.
Page Count:
19 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGlrttmd.RTF
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
that change. Said another way, learning happens through experiences. There are two major schools of thought in behaviorism, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The classical conditioning perspective began
with Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s with his famous stimulus-response experiments with dogs (Graham, 2005). There are four specific terms to know: unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), a
conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR) (Cooper, Pavlov, 2005). Certain stimuli (UCS) cause reflexive, instinctual responses (UCR); neither the stimulus nor the response is learned (Cooper, Pavlov, 2005).
A stimulus may be neutral, i.e., it does not cause any reflexive response but it can become a learned or conditioned stimulus when it becomes associated with a UCR (Cooper,
Pavlov, 2005). Pavlov showed that by reinforcing certain behaviors, a dog would begin to salivate, when a bell was rung. Pavlov identified different types of stimuli; in his experiments with
dogs, a lab technician who gave the dogs food could be identified as a neutral stimulus, the food became the unconditioned stimulus and the salivation was the unconditioned reflex (Encyclopedia
of Education, 2007). Initially, there are no conditioned responses, salivating is an unconditioned natural reflex for the dog when it expects food. Through a series of trials, the dog came
to associate the ringing of a bell with being fed and would subsequently salivate when the bell was rung (Encyclopedia of Education, 2007). One of the other observations made
by Pavlov was "that the shorter the time between the stimulus and the response, the more quickly a conditioned response could be developed" (Cooper, Pavlov, 2005). In other words, ringing
the bell immediately before giving food to the dog results in a stronger association and thus, results in the reflexive response whereas ringing the bell a long time before giving
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