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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 9 page paper addresses the issue of the relationship between learning theories and teacher practice. The essay discuses the behaviorist perspective, classical and operant conditioning and how these are reflected in classroom practice. Bandura's social learning theory and Vygotsky's social cognitive theory are described and explained. A study that demonstrates that humanism is the national cultural tradition and this is found reflected in the schools. The writer also talks about the issue of transfer. These are all reflected in teaching practices in England. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Page Count:
9 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGuklrn.rtf
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learning must be considered separately (Ormrod, 1999). Consequences, both positive and aversive, affect behavior (Ormrod, 1999). The classical conditioning model would lead to creating a positive classroom climate because when
learning is associated with pleasant feelings, such as enthusiasm and excitement, students eagerness to learn will be reinforced (Ormrod, 1999). Another tenet of the classical conditioning model is that students
need to have more positive experiences than negative, more success than failure (Ormrod, 1999). Teachers often forget that school can be a place of high anxiety for children, a place
they associate with failure, frustration and even humiliation (Ormrod, 1999). The most recent views within those supporting this model is that behavior must be considered in a larger context than
just the immediate surroundings and it needs to consider a longer timeframe than the here and now (Ormrod, 1999). Because operant conditioning involves both cognition and behavior, when teachers determine
their expectations, they need to consider not just the observable stimuli and responses but also the non-observable mental processes students are using (Ormrod, 1999). This will help in determining the
types of reinforcement will be offered for what responses (Ormrod, 1999). Operant conditioning is the theory being followed with instructional practices such as: programmed instruction, mastery learning instructional objectives, applied
behavior analysis and contracts (Ormrod, 1999). Teachers need to be aware that operant or classical conditioning is not effective with all students, they have been shown to be more effective
for students who demonstrate little motivation, who have a history of school failure and for students who have problems and nothing else has worked (Ormrod, 1999). They are not likely
to be effective with students who are already highly motivated to learn nor are they likely to be effective with bright students (Ormrod, 1999). The tenets of social learning theory
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