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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 5 page summation of the main points presented by John Iceland in chapter 4 of his text Poverty in America. No additional sources cited.
Page Count:
5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: KL9_khch4iceld.doc
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
groups, establishing the parameters of American poverty. In so doing, he shatters myths and creates a realistic overview of this topic. For example, he begins the chapter by dispelling the
widely believed myth that most poor people are African American, as he cites U.S. Census Bureau statistics that indicate that blacks constitute only 27 percent of Americas poverty population.
History: In 1959, which is when the government began monitoring the nations poverty level, 22.4 percent of the population was below the poverty line. However, this percentage dropped steadily
throughout the 1960s and was at 11.1 percent (official rate) by 1973. The poverty rate began to rise and, by 2003, despite declining poverty in the 1990s, it was at
12.5 percent, which meant that 35.9 million Americans were living in poverty at that time. Throughout his analysis, Iceland indicates 3 different poverty measures: "the official measure of poverty, a
relative poverty measure and a measure recommended by the National Academic of Sciences (NAS) Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance" (Iceland 39). Age: The poverty rate for the elderly
improved from its high point in 1959, which was at 35.2 percent, and, by the late 1990s, was equal to that of people aged 18-to-64, which was 17.0 percent. This
improvement is largely due to Social Security, as well as other federal programs that aid the elderly. Child poverty also declined from 1959 to 1973, Race and Ethnicity: As
of 2000, the official poverty rate was 11.3 percent, while both the NAS and the relative poverty rate were higher, 13.8 and 17.0 respectively. According to the official measure, 7.5
percent of non-Hispanic whites were poor, which compares with a fifth of both African Americans and Hispanics. In regards to all measures, African Americans and Hispanics exhibited a poverty rate
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