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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 12 page paper that explains Erikson's psychosocial stages of human development and Bandura's social theories of learning. The writer than discusses the factors that need to be considered when teaching physical fitness to elementary school students, middle and high school students and senior citizens. The writer also explains some of the differences between children and adults as learners. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Page Count:
12 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGftns4.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
Perspective (Rogers and Maslow); Ethological or Biological (Darwin and Lorenz) and Contextual Theories (Pianta and Walsh) (Preisser, 1998). There are two major categories of learning theories: the constructivist perspective (Dewey,
Vygotsky, Piaget, Bruner) and the behaviorist perspective (Watson, Thorndike, Skinner) (Forrester and Jantzie, 2003). Few theorists have offered a lifespan human development theory (infed, 2005). Each stage is very
briefly explained: 1. Stage 1: Infancy, birth to age 1 year. Trust vs. Mistrust. needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment (University of
Hawaii, 1990). 2. Stage 2: Toddler -- Age 1 to 2. Erikson calls this stage Autonomy (Independence) vs. Doubt (or Shame). Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Works to master physical
environment while maintaining self-esteem (University of Hawaii, 1990). 3. Stage 3: Early Childhood (Preschooler) -- Age 2 to 6. Initiative vs. Guilt. Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience
and sexual identity (University of Hawaii, 1990). 4. Stage 4: Elementary and Middle School Years -- Age 6 to 12. Competence (aka industry) vs. Inferiority. Tries to develop a sense
of self-worth by refining skills (University of Hawaii, 1990). 5. Stage 5: Adolescence -- Age 12 to 18. Identity vs. Role Confusion. Tries integrating many roles into a self-image
under role model and peer pressure. A critical stage for developing self-identity (University of Hawaii, 1990). 6. Stage 6: Young Adulthood -- Age 19 to 40. The conflict is intimacy
vs. isolation. Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner (University of Hawaii, 1990). 7. Stage 7: Middle Adulthood -- Age 40 to 65. Generativity vs.
Stagnation. Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interests (University of Hawaii, 1990). 8. Stage 8: Late Adulthood -- Age 65 to death. Integrity vs. Despair. A time
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