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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 5 page paper. Germany has the oldest universal health care system in the modern world. This report discusses patient costs, what is covered, accessibility to primary and specialist care, patient satisfaction, and sustainability. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Page Count:
5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: ME12_PG699528.doc
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
are identified as solidarity, subsidiarity, and corporatism (Clarke, 2012). Solidarity means that the government is responsible for ensuring everyone is able to access health care. They do so by helping
those who cannot participate in private health insurance. It is viewed as a social partnership (Clarke, 2012). Subsidiarity refers to a decentralized system where policies are established by the smallest
political unit. This is actually part of the countrys constitution. In terms of health it means that the government only sets the legislative framework and establishes a bargaining process.
Corporatism is reflected with both employers and employees being represented on governing boards of sickness funds. Sickness funds are comprised of about 240 nonprofit insurance companies (Clarke, 2008; Knox, 2008).
There are national and regional groups that make decisions about rules and fees (Clarke, 2012). Payroll taxes pay for this health care system. The tax is 15.5 percent of gross
income. Of that 8.2 percent is paid by the employee and 7.3 percent is paid by the employer. Unemployed persons also pay if they are receiving unemployment benefits (Clarke, 2012).
This proportional tax rate reflects the solidarity principle - if you make more, you pay more but everyone receives the same services. There is sometimes a small co-payment required
but that is limited to 2 percent of the familys annual income or 1 percent for those who have chronic illnesses (Clarke, 2012). The chronically ill do not have to
contribute towards any prescription drugs. There are never any deductibles. Access is universal. A German citizen or long-time resident may go to any doctor or any specialist they choose. No
referrals are required for specialists. The spiraling costs of the system have led to drastic changes Since 2009, Germans must have health insurance. Those who earn less than ?49,500 will
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