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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 12 page paper answering 3 questions about HMOs, the uninsured, HMO ethics and implications for US health care. Questions address HMO structure; relationship with the uninsured; HMO behavior ethics; who the uninsured are; and consequences for American society. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Page Count:
12 pages (~225 words per page)
File: CC6_KShmoUnins.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
Nearly everyone decries the cost of health care and health insurance; nearly 46 million of Americans are uninsured and their numbers are growing (Overview, 2006). A generation ago managed
care appeared to be the cure that the industry needed, and for a time the managed care approach to cost containment worked well enough that by the 1990s it had
managed to reduce the rate of increase in total costs. That trend did not continue, however, and as managed care sought to regain results of the past the situation
only deteriorated. Today even the creator of the concept of the HMO believes the structure has outlived its usefulness. Millions of uninsured Americans who cannot gain access to
an HMO tend to agree. 1. Describe the structure of the HMO and its relationship with the uninsured. As a percentage of gross national
product (GNP), health care spending was 6 percent in 1965. That figure had risen to 14 percent of GNP by 1993 (Lindsey, 1993), even though GNP itself also had
increased dramatically: by 1994, that percentage of GNP had increased to 15 percent and had topped the $1 trillion mark for a total of more than $4,000 for every
citizen of the country (Grumbach and Bodenheimer, 1994). Plagued by overspending for years, the general system also has been characterized by underinclusion as well - in 1993, there were
no less than 35 million Americans without health insurance coverage of any kind (Lindsey, 1993). A decade later, that figure has more than doubled.
The original federal legislation enabling the existence of HMOs was passed in 1973 (Ellwood, 2002). Some early HMOs such as Kaiser Permanente Health Plan had succeeded in
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