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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 9 page research paper that addresses the significance of terrain in Frederick Barbarossa's Italian campaigns. When Frederick I, known as Frederick Barbarossa, became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, his primary mission was to restore the Empire to the exalted position it held under Charlemagne and Otto I (Frederick I). This entailed, first of all, establishing order in Germany, but also asserting his imperial rights in Italy (Frederick I). In all, Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. Frederick's uncle, Otto of Freising, authored an extensive account of Frederick's various military campaigns. However, Otto died after writing the first two books, leaving the last two to his provost, Rahewin (Frederick I). Referring to this account, this discussion explores the question of to what extent Frederick was able to overcome the physical terrain of the Italian peninsula. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Page Count:
9 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_khfrebar.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
under Charlemagne and Otto I (Frederick I). This entailed, first of all, establishing order in Germany, but also asserting his imperial rights in Italy (Frederick I). In all, Frederick undertook
six expeditions into Italy. Fredericks uncle, Otto of Freising, authored an extensive account of Fredericks various military campaigns. However, Otto died after writing the first two books, leaving the last
two to his provost, Rahewin (Frederick I). Referring to this account, the following discussion explores the question of to what extent Frederick was able to overcome the physical terrain of
the Italian peninsula. Background information/An overview of Barbarossa in Italy Fredericks principal objective in Italy was to restore imperial power to its former glory, as this aspect of Fredericks
rule was so diminished as to be virtually non-existent due to neglect by previous rulers (Kampers). In an 1153 treaty with Pope Eugene III, Frederick promised his assistance in ousting
Arnold of Brescia out of Sicily. Frederick entered Italy in 1154 and, after delivering Arnold of Brescia into the popes hands, was crowned in Rome on June 18, 1155,
in spite of opposition from rebellious Romans (Frederick I). The friendly relations between the pope and Frederick soon suffered a severe shock. In 1157, the papal legate presented Frederick
with a letter from the pope that was interpreted to him as indicating that the pope considered the empire to be a papal fief. The letter called the "imperial dignity
a benefice...of the popes" (Frederick I). This expression is ambiguous, since the Latin word beneficium might either means personal benefit or a feudal concession (Frederick I). However, there is little
doubt that the phrase was meant to convey an understanding of the superiority of popes over emperors. Frederick responded with an extended letter that declared his intention to invade
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