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For political activists, candidates and the media, the question of roles, and which one is the best to use in any circumstance, is raised every day. On any given issue, what roles do experts, non-experts and others play in a political event? The answers began with the philosophies of men like John Dewey and Currin V. Shields. Psychological theories also abound. Bibliography lists 4 sources including Tillman. jvEXPT06.rtf
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raised every day. On any given issue, what roles do experts, non-experts and others play in a political event? The answers began with the philosophies of men like John Dewey
and Currin V. Shields, who postulated the concept of collective empiricism in the everyday workings of society. Psychological theories also abound. The question
of roles crops up with every election, the latest being the 2004 presidential election concerning the top candidates, George W. Bush and John Kerry. Without the voice of expert pollsters,
people would not believe the current standings or predictions. Without the voice of the political expert newscaster, people will not listen. Without people on the street, however, the electorate will
begin to lose faith in the institution of elections. Therefore, in an election year, everyone can become an expert. The difference is in the mix of experts, rather than in
the need for them. Empirical Institutionalism Tillman (2001) writes that the role of experts
came into play because of John Deweys influence on political thought. First interpreted by Currin V. Shields (1952), once a political scientist at UCLA, Shields came to his conclusions
by viewing the history of "political thought and practice through the lens of what he called the American tradition of empirical collectivism." (Tillman, 2001, 117).
Tillman writes that America was founded on an "underlying ethos" of empirical collectivism, which was a combined service need in terms of community service, social obligation, and individual
self-interest. (Tillman, 2001, 118). Tillman uses the illustration of American pioneers on the frontier, individuals that relied only on a community when they could not meet their own needs. Therefore,
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