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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 7 page paper provides an overview of the reasons behind the rise of the HMO and the dilemmas surrounding alternatives. The problem that the paper addresses is that most research is centered on those of white European heritage, a problem perpetuated by researchers’ use of large databases that in themselves exclude many from other population groups. Researchers pursue knowledge with admirable intentions, and they devote much effort to ensuring that they arrive at a research design free of bias of several types. Many fail to understand that they begin with bias, however, and that their entire effort is undertaken under the banner of researcher bias that translates to biased results. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Page Count:
7 pages (~225 words per page)
File: CC6_KSHMOethics.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
The problems of rising health care costs have been the bane of physicians, hospital administrators, employers and certainly the uninsured (or underinsured) for nearly three decades. Various measures
have been enacted, some with little or no effect; others have had only the effect of exacerbating the problem. Thankfully, the Clintons health care reform proposals were rejected when
they were, as they certainly could only have turned a bad situation into a living nightmare of exponentially-spiraling costs beginning at their already too-high level.
What we have tried, it seems, is everything except an approach that will work. This statement means that despite efforts to contain costs and make health care
more accessible to all Americans, our efforts largely have been cosmetic and temporary at best. HMOs now are listed as the responsible parties for 97 percent of all Americans
who have insurance coverage and are not covered through other means such as government programs or the still-uncommon Medical Savings Accounts (MSA). One
persistent feature of the approaches that do not work is that they have been based on research centered on that portion of the population that soon will not constitute the
majority group in the United States. When considering other population groups, the disparities are even greater. The purpose here is to assess the ethical validity of current efforts
to find a workable means of access to health care. Why HMOs Exist As a percentage of gross national product, health care spending
was 6 percent in 1965. That figure had risen to 14 percent of GNP by 1993 (Lindsey, 1993), even though GNP itself also had increased dramatically: by 1994,
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