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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 4 page paper that briefly explains each of Erikson's eight stages of development. The writer comments on the fact that Erikson conducted no research studies when devising this theory, yet, they have been shown to be valid. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Page Count:
4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGrksn08.RTF
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
designed by Erikson is dependent upon success in the preceding stages (Boeree, 2006). Like Freud and Piaget, Erikson believed that the stages were invariant and sequential (Boeree, 2006), which means
that everyone transitions through each stage in sequences. You cannot skip a stage but it is possible to overlap stages and it is also possible to regress to an earlier
stage. Eriksons stages are presented in a series of crises, a conflict between two things that must be resolved. Briefly, the eight stages are: * Stage 1: Infancy (Birth
to age 1 year)). Crises: Trust vs. Mistrust. Infants are completely dependent upon others to meet their survival needs, e.g., nourishment. If those needs are fulfilled, they learn to trust
others, if the needs are not met, they distrust others and their environment. This is the time when infants develop attachment with their parents or caregivers (Boeree, 2006). * Stage
2: Toddler (Ages 1-2). Crisis: Autonomy (Independence) vs. Doubt (or Shame). A great deal of growth occurs during these years with the toddler becoming more self-confident and gaining self-control. If
they are allowed to make mistakes and encouraged to try things, they gain a sense of independence (Boeree, 2006). * Stage 3: Early Childhood/Preschool (Age 3 to 6). Crisis: Initiative
vs. Guilt. Dramatic growth in all areas of development. Child becomes more involved in social interactions and gains an early sense of ones own responsibilities. Children learn to control their
own impulses during this time if their environment is nurturing and encouraging (Boeree, 2006). * Stage 4: School Age (Ages 7-12). Crisis: Industry (Competence) vs. Inferiority. As children succeed in
school and in other activities, they will gain a sense of competence and should also gain pleasure in intellectual stimulation. As in all stages, they must have a nurturing environment
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