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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 5 page paper discussing three types of cancer tests. Pap smears, biopsy and chromosomal studies all have roles in predicting, screening for and diagnosing cancer. Each has specific uses as well. By its nature the Pap smear is specific in the types of cancers it can detect, but biopsy has a wide range of applications and chromosomal analysis is becoming more important with each passing year. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Page Count:
5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: CC6_KSbioCAtests.rtf
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and chromosomal studies all have roles in predicting, screening for and diagnosing cancer. Each has specific uses as well. By its nature the Pap smear is specific in
the types of cancers it can detect, but biopsy has a wide range of applications and chromosomal analysis is becoming more important with each passing year. Pap Smear
Developed by Dr. George Papanicolaou more than 50 years ago, the "availability of the Pap smear has been accountable for a decrease in deaths from
cervical cancer of over 60% during the years from 1950 to 1980" (Cytopathology, n.d.). More than 14,000 women still die from cervical cancer each year however, usually because they
do not have Pap tests done regularly or have never had one (Cytopathology, n.d.). This is a simple test, and remains nearly unique
in that it has the ability to predict or forecast the development of cervical cancer at some time in the future. The health provider places a speculum into the
vagina, using it to separate the walls of the vagina and to visually expose the cervix. Then using a wooden spatula and a brush, the examiner lightly scrapes the
surface of the cervix to obtain a sample of cells from it (Bissinger, 2002). The examiner then transfers the collected cells to a
slide, fixes it with a fixative spray and sends it to a laboratory for analysis. Lab technicians apply various stains to the specimen to examine it for the presence
of abnormal cells. This analysis is the point of entry of the error factor that reduces the Pap smears accuracy to about 80
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