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A 5 page research paper that explains what DNA and DNA analysis are and then discusses the role of this criminal law enforcement tool investigations and as evidence in court. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: KL9_khdnaevid.rtf
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enforcement in reducing crime in the twenty-first century" (Martin, 2001, p. 30). The following examination of DNA evidence, first of all, explains what is meant by this forensic category and
DNA analysis and then focuses on how it is used in investigations, its relevancy as evidence. What is DNA and DNA analysis? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic code
that gives each individual a unique appearance. DNA is composed of four building blocks, which are referred to as "bases," and are represented in DNA analysis by the letters A,
C, G and T (Isenberg, 2002). Two of these bases comprise each rung of the double helix structure of DNA and it is the order of these bases that forensic
scientists examine in order to identify specific individuals (Isenberg, 2002). There are two types of DNA, nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA is the individual code that is
unique to the individual, but mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) structure, in humans, is inherited entirely from the individuals mother; therefore, it is useful in determining if people are maternally related, which
is helpful in missing person cases (Isenberg, 2002). While mtDNA analysis is limited when compared to nuclear DNA analysis, it also offers advantages as its structure offers protection from degradation
from environmental exposure (Isenberg, 2002). DNA in investigations and as evidence When DNA evidence first appeared in courts, the judicial system was cautious about its forensic validity, as there
were concerns about the lack of standards regarding how analyses were conducted (Martin, 2001). However, the DNA Identification Act of 1994 established the DNA Advisory Board, which developed strict quality
assurance standards that ensured reliability and validity (Martin, 2001) DNA evidence has served to exonerate some individuals, proving their innocence. However, many law enforcement agencies are also using DNA analysis
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