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3 pages in length. As unprecedented and progressive as Freud's dream theory was then and still is now, there are those whose criticism of his approach has brought about entirely different ways in which to interpret what occurs when humans are asleep. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
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when humans are asleep. One of the most vocal of all Freuds critics is J. Allan Hobson, a Harvard psychiatrist and neuroscientist who pointedly questions the psychoanalysts ego/id theory as
being both erroneous and out of date. The extent to which modern scientific discovery has all but disproved Freuds dream theory is both grand and far-reaching; that Hobson (2004)
utilizes this technology to support his criticism speaks to the manner by which neuroscience has allowed man to better understand his dream behavior based more predominantly upon proven fact rather
than unsubstantiated supposition (Dolnick, 1990; Hughes, 2004). Freuds dream theory has little if anything to do with the physiological element of the human body, focusing instead upon the unconscious, the
ego and the id. Hobson (2004), however - whose entire perspective is steeped within the stringent boundaries of tangibility - argues the unfounded basis of Freuds theory when compared
to the definitive components of REM stage and EEG readings (Gardner, 1996). Hobson (2004) - "who advocates a materialistic understanding of dreams" (Parsons,
2001, p. 356) - explains how normal sleep patterns run in a four-step cycle, with Stage I being that of the hazy transitional period between consciousness and sleep. This
period lasts approximately ten minutes until Stage II commences, lasting another fifteen minutes or so. Stage III is recognizable by "high-amplitude delta activity" (Murray, 1995, p. 303) that ultimately
turns into Stage IV, which typically begins an hour and a half after the initial sleep pattern has begun and is the stage in which Hobson is most able to
debunk Freuds esoteric theory. Existing experiments have determined how physiological standards within the sleeping subject have "changed abruptly" (Murray, 1995, p. 303) in the forty-five minutes that follow the
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