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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 12 page paper considers a company in crisis and how theories of change explain how changes occurred. The company chosen is Marks and Spencer, who lost sight of the market they were selling to, and had to make several changes before they managed to reverse the decline. The bibliography cites 8 sources.
Page Count:
12 pages (~225 words per page)
File: TS14_TECrimarks.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
in full the process of change has to be approached and traversed successfully. One company that is still within the crisis zone, but is overcoming it is marks and Spencer
the UK retail firm, where sales fell dramatically as a result of the companies failure to change. There were several attempts at change, however if we look at the way
these were undertaken, and compare them to the models of change we can look at how and why some were successful and some were not successful. To consider this we
will first look at the models of change and then apply these to Marks and Spencer. The need for change has long been recognised with many models created to illustrate
the influences which cause this. Models such as Porters Five forces, PEST (political, economic, social and technological) and SWOT (Strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats) all can help identify the actual
influences and the way in which these may determine what changes are necessary. Indeed, had Marks and Spencer used a PEST analysis, they may have identified the correct market forces
and changed in the right way. However, these are not tools of change, but tools of identifying market condition and position. Lewin
describes way in which change materialises as the effect of driving and restraining forces (Lewin, 1951). The position of an organisation, in this model, is always under some form of
pressure to change. The way in which any changes emerge are as a result of these restraining and driving pressures (Lewin, 1951). Driving forces can be external to the organisation,
for example changes in legislation, environment changes or the industry structure, they may also be internal such as staffing matters or micro economic factors. Driving factors are highly likely to
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