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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 13 page paper answering three discussion questions in criminology. The first briefly traces development of criminal theory to the early 20th century, discussing Beccaria, Lombroso, Bentham and Freud. Another addresses theory; those discussed are rational choice, behavior, containment, situational and ecological. Half of the paper is devoted to an essay discussing the merits of containment theory and focusing on the issue of internal vs external control and personal accountability. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Page Count:
13 pages (~225 words per page)
File: CC6_KScrimJust2.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
Prior to the 18th century, crime equated to discovered sin; offenders "might be considered to be possessed by Satan or his demons." The church was
closely involved in criminal proceedings, and in many areas the clergy provided all prosecution and judging duties. Though the Pope officially banned clergy involvement in civil criminal proceedings in
the early 13th century, the ban only changed the form of church involvement. Rather than being overtly led by members of the clergy, the church still remained involved by
association as locales established rules of civil proceedings. The lecture notes state that there were many areas in which church involvement was more
than only associative, using the Salem Witch Hunt of the late 17th century as an example. It should also be noted that by the time of the shame of
Salem, the Church of England had broken with the Catholic church nearly three centuries earlier and the Puritans who had fled to the colonies to gain religious freedom maintained control
of religious structures in the Northeast. The point is that even though the Pope had banned clerical involvement in criminal proceedings in the early 13th century, the Popes authority
ended at the boundaries of the Catholic church which was barely recognized by Anglicans. Not until the mid-18th century was there any serious
treatment of the reasons behind criminal behavior. The first such work was that of Cesare Beccaria, an Italian mathematician who published his views on the motivations of criminal behavior
in 1764 in his Essay on Crimes and Punishments. In his earliest work, A Fragment on Government published in the same year as Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations (1776),
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