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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 3 page paper that compares and contrasts three theoretical perspectives regarding human development. The theories are social cognitive, cognitive, and constructivist. The three theorists are Bruner, Piaget, and Vygotsky. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Page Count:
3 pages (~225 words per page)
File: ME12_PG699047.doc
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at least one crosses theoretical perspectives. The social cognitive theoretical perspective of human development was promoted first by Albert Bandura. He thought that Skinners operant conditioning, which was popular at
the time was too simplistic. He believed there was more of an interaction between the internal person and the environment. Bandura included some ideas from cognitive theorists to better explain
how humans develop and become so adaptable and so able. This led to the label, social cognitive theory. His observations and lab work demonstrated how important modeling was in
learning. While some learning comes from direct teaching, behaviors and knowledge also come from observation. Bandura proposed that children learn language through observation and modeling. Bandura argued there are
four steps in the modeling process. The person must pay attention to what they are observing; they must remember it; they must be able to repeat the action; and they
must be motivated to repeat the behaviors observed (Thom, 2012). This would lead to learning and development. Bandura had positive regard for humans. Where Skinner and other behaviorists believe
that humans do things for external rewards, Bandura believed humans are able to organize themselves, they can and do regulate themselves, they are involved in self-reflection, and they take proactive
steps (Bandura, 1999). His theory went against the prevalent theories of the day. One of the best known cognitive theorists is Jean Piaget who proposed four distinct stages of human
cognitive development. He acknowledged there might be some flexibility in terms of the exact ages but the stages themselves were sequential and invariant. The stages are: Sensori-motor, from birth to
two years - infant learns to differentiate self from environment, interacts with objects, learns by observation; Preoperational from age 2-7 - intense learning, learns language, lets other know what he
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