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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A brief, 4 page overview of the struggle for civil rights in the United States. Covers relevant politics and law-making from 1870 to the present. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Page Count:
4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_Civilrig.doc
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
citizenship was established by the 13th and 14th Amendments. The 15th Amendment, which was ratified in 1870, prohibited race, color, or previous condition of servitude as grounds for denying or
abridging the rights of citizens to vote. In addition, to these constitutional provisions, statutes were passed defining civil rights more particularly. The Supreme Court, however, held several of these unconstitutional,
including an 1875 act prohibiting racial discrimination by innkeepers, common carriers, and places of amusement. (Grabowski, 1986). In the last two decades of the 19th century,
blacks were disfranchised and stripped of other rights in the South through discriminatory legislation and unlawful violence . Separate facilities for whites and blacks became a basic rule in southern
society. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, an 1896 case involving the segregation of railroad passengers, the Supreme Court actually held that "separate but equal" public facilities did not
violate the Constitution. During the first half of the 20th century racial exclusion, was practiced in most areas of U.S. life. The 1954 Supreme Court
decision in Brown v. Board of Education represented a turning point; reversing the 1896 "separate but equal" ruling, the Court held that compulsory segregation in public schools denies black children
equal protection under the law. It later directed that desegregated educational facilities be furnished "with all deliberate speed." Subsequent decisions outlawed racial exclusion or discrimination in all government facilities
or facilities involved in interstate commerce, such as public transportation. A state law against racial intermarriage was also ruled invalid. (Cruse, 1987) School desegregation was
resisted in the South. Federal determination to enforce the court decision was demonstrated in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957, when President Dwight Eisenhower dispatched troops to secure admission of black
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