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A 5 page research paper that examines how Christianity has been affected by the modern world. The writer particularly focuses on the Enlightenment, and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
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5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_khrelmod.rtf
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church over European thought began to weaken and secular society came into prominence. From the Renaissance onward, Western society would forever look at the world with "modern" eyes. This
change in Western culture, as well as the events of the last several centuries, necessarily impacted Christianity -- institutionally and theologically. Marty (1959) points out that the Enlightenment,
an intellectual movement of the eighteenth century, undercut Christian "particularism" (p. 275). In other words, the Enlightenment focus on natural religion countered the Christian belief in particular revelation. Furthermore, the
Enlightenment emphasis on toleration forced political adjustments upon the intolerant religious institutions of the previous centuries (Marty, 1959). The French Revolution, near the close of the eighteenth century, offers
an ideal illustration of the political effect of the clash of ideologies (Marty, 1959). The Enlightenment saw the dawn of a new kind of theology. Marty (1999) points out that
in England, this new theology was known as Deism; in France, it was known as Rationalism or Naturalism. This trend pictured a God of nature and reason that created the
universe, but then stepped back and let natural systems run on their own. The reaction of the Catholic Church to the scientific and philosophical upheavals of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries was the formulation of the additions to the doctrine of the apostles in modern times (Marty, 1959). The first of these was the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception,
which settled a debate that had been going for centuries in Roman circles (Marty, 1959). This dogma concerned the question of how if Christ was born "without the agency of
a human father but through the Virgin Mary, did not his sinlessness depend upon her own" (Marty, 1959, p. 302). In 1854, Pope Pius IX issued the Bull Ineffabiis
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