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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A 5 page research paper that offers an overview of breast cancer staging definitions and how this influences the choice of therapies and treatment options. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Page Count:
5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_khbcanr.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
from breast cancer has been steadily dropping over the past two decades (Workman, 2002). Long-term survival rates for women with stage I cancers has reached a high of 96 percent,
and survival rates for women with stage IV cancers is approach 86 percent (Workman, 2002). As this statistic suggests, the staging of a breast carcinoma is extremely important factor that
greatly influences the treatment policy and therapeutic options that are pursued. The majority of breast cancer patients present with the carcinoma localized to the breast or to the
breast and the axillary nodes (Mincey and Perez, 2004). The female human breast is made up of "fibrous, glandular and fatty tissue," which is surrounded by a layer of fat
(Harmer, 2006, p. 33). The major lymphatic drainage for the breast is to the axilia, and it is to the axillary nodes that breast cancer will spread first when it
moves out of the breast (Harmer, 2006). The traditional treatment options for breast cancer are to remove or kill the tumor cells via "surgery, radiation (external and internal and
chemotherapy" (Meisheid, 2005, p. 193). Today, however, there also new therapies such as a class of cancer drugs referred as "molecular-targeted therapies," which inhibit the growth of tumor cells without
harming healthy cells, which is a negative side effect of both radiation and chemotherapy (Meisheid, 2005). In 2003, the American College of Physicians introduced a new staging standard to the
process of diagnosing breast cancer, with the degree of severity of the disease assigned a stage from 0 to IV, which is a criteria based on the "anatomical extent of
the tumor, including invasiveness, size and lymph node and distal involvement" (Mincey and Perez, 2004, p. 810). Stage 0 (Tis) breast carcinomas are classified as DCIS or intraductal in nature.
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