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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A nine-page research paper on the problem African-Americans have had in gaining economic and political parity in the United States, with particular reference to the institution of 'majority-minority' voting districts. Included is the failure of the political process, e.g., electing increased numbers of black politicians to office, to increase the political or economic well-being of black people, and possible political and economic alternatives. Bibliography cites five sources.
Page Count:
7 pages (~225 words per page)
File: KE9_99bpow.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
gains. However, despite those gains, there continues to be a gap in the political representation of the black population in relation to its numbers, and these gains have not translated
into a quantum increase in the standard of living of the black population as compared to the white population. One strategy to deal with this gap has been the creation
of "majority-minority" Congressional districts, in which a majority of the population is composed of African-Americans, Latinos, or other racial or ethnic minorities. This practice, though moderately successful in increasing the
number of black officeholders, has come under fire, not only from white conservatives but from voices within the black community, who feel that the political solutions and civil rights strategies
of the past are no longer the road to empowerment for Americans of African descent. I. History of the Struggle The problems which led to the modern struggle for equality on
the part of African-Americans began in slavery. The 13th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed the former slaves U.S. citizenship and suffrage after the Civil War, but that
was fleeting. A compromise in 1878 gave the Republicans the presidency in return for a promise not to enforce the voting rights of Negroes in the South (Loury 22). Laws,
grouped under the loose heading of "Jim Crow," not only forbade blacks from voting, but also segregated them from white citizens in almost every aspect of Southern life. It
was not the segregation itself which was onerous for most African-Americans, but the fact that the facilities, such as drinking fountains, libraries, schools and sections in restaurants, were the poorest
ones, the worst kept, and the most out-of-date (Loury 22). Because most of their problems centered around legal restrictions, blacks centered their efforts on political reform. They agitated, demonstrated, and
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