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A 4 page paper that begins with an introduction to behaviorism and major contributors to this field. Skinner's operant conditioning is mentioned. The paper explains and defines the key terms one needs to know such as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment with examples. 1 Table is included. Bibliography lists 2 sources. PGbhvvc9.rtf
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4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGbhvvc9.rtf
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the food was even shown to the dog. Salivating when presented with food is a natural behavior for the dog so Pavlov demonstrated that a natural behavior could be learned
through association, i.e., the stimulus (bell) and the reward (food). Some years later, B.F. Skinner refined this work introducing the concept of operant conditioning. The term operant defines Skinners believe
that each organism operates on their environment, it affects the organisms actions have an impact on the environment (Boeree, 2006). The impact may be good or bad, but it is
an impact (Boeree, 2006). Skinner would be followed by Thorndike, Hull, Guthrie, Tolman and others but it is Skinners work that is more often cited in the field of behavioral
psychology. There are a number of terms that are essential to understand behavioral theory. Skinner talked about rewards and punishments. In short, a reward or positive reinforcement is anything
that sustains or strengthens a behavior (Boeree, 2006). When a child does something well and is given a reward, that is positive reinforcement and it will likely cause the child
to do that same behavior again. One that parents use a lot is if the child eats his vegetables, he will get dessert. By contrast, if a punishment is anything
that decreases the occurrence of or eliminates a behavior (Boeree, 2006). A good example is the child always talking out in class. The teacher may have the student move his
seat to one that is away from the other children or she may put his name on the blackboard and x number of checkmarks after his name, indicating further occurrences
of the undesirable behavior, means the child loses recess. At home, acting out may send the child to their room, away from the family watching a favorite television show.
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