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This 3 page paper is a detailed analysis of an article by Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt dealing with their model of expectancy theory. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
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3 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_HVExpTho.rtf
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individuals wishing to assume leadership roles" within their organization (Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt, 2001, p. 212). They did not develop expectancy theory themselves; it is based on the work of
V.H. Vroom, who suggested that "people consciously choose particular courses of action, based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs, as a consequence of their desires to enhance pleasure and avoid pain"
(Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt, 2001, p. 212). Porter and Lawler used some of Vrooms concepts to develop their own ideas, "suggesting that the expenditure of an individuals effort will be
determined by expectations that an outcome may be attained and the degree of value placed on an outcome in the persons mind (Pinder, 1984)" (Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt, 2001, p.
212). That is, a person will work harder if they believe that their efforts will achieve an outcome that is important to them. This model is called "expectancy theory," though
it is sometimes called "VIE theory"; the letters stand for "valence, instrumentality and expectancy" and also identify the three main constructs of the model. What Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt do
is not to develop the model further, but to explain how it works and provide the linkage between "expectancy theory and leadership concepts to demonstrate that leader interactions with followers
permit the establishment of highly motivational working environments" (Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt, 2001, p. 212). In other words, they are interested in explaining how using this model helps everyone involved
create a good working environment in which everyone can thrive. As noted, this model identifies three major constructs: expectancy, instrumentality and valence (Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt, 2001, p. 212). "Expectancy"
is the "personal expenditure of effort that will result in an acceptable level of performance" (Isaac, Zerbe and Pitt, 2001, p. 212). This point suggests that "people will expend effort
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