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A 5 page summation and analysis of a study conducted by Berntson, Cacioppo and Fieldstone (1996), which concerns the manner in which the heart is controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows to the heart, which is a very flexible system of control. The research team state that various brainstem cardiovascular reflexes often result in creating reciprocal modulation of both sympathetic and vagal controls of the heart. The writer explains that the rationale for this study is to explore more fully the relationship between automatic responses of the heart to various forms of cognitive stimuli. No additional sources cited.
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5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_khhartar.rtf
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a very flexible system of control. Various brainstem cardiovascular reflexes often result in creating reciprocal modulation of both sympathetic and vagal controls of the heart (Berntson, Cacioppo and Fieldstone, 1996).
Body positions, such as sitting upright after lying down, can set up a reciprocating pattern of sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal. As this indicates, the authors begin by arguing persuasively
that automatic control of the heart is a complex process and does not lie along a "single, reciprocal automatic continuum" (p. 2). In response to this fact, the research
team has developed a bivariate model for describing the mechanisms of this automatic control that pictures psychophysiological responses as vectors on an autonomic plane that is found by orthogonal sympathetic
and parasympathetic axes. This model gives the research team a more precise representation of the relationship between psychological processes and autonomic states. The research team then explores the increasing body
of literature that explores the use of autonomic blockades and/or noninvasive indices to investigate the response of the autonomic branches to various cognitive situations. As this suggests, the rationale for
this study is to explore more fully the relationship between automatic responses of the heart to various forms of cognitive stimuli. Aims and goals of the study In their literature
review, the authors of the study indicate that they came to the conclusions that comprehensive psychophysiological theories need to have a more precise specification of: a. the specific cognitive determinants
of the distinct modes of autonomic control, and b. the significance of the alternate control modes for visceral regulation and adaptive function (p. 2). By testing their
model in this study, the research team helps to address these needs. Hypothesis The authors indicate that this study is intended to examine the "possibility that attentional stimuli
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