Here is the synopsis of our sample research paper on A Feminist Reformulation of the Main Principles of Realism
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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 12 page paper discusses the field of international relations, which is male dominated, and suggests that a feminist critique of the subject is necessary to bring balance to the study. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
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12 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_HVFmReal.rtf
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on a masculine perspective. This consideration of the broadest policies affecting international relations without womens input disenfranchises a majority of the population. This paper considers some of the ways in
which feminist thinking might be used to change the theory of International Relations to make it more accessible to women. Discussion At its most basic level, the problem under discussion
here is the lack of womens engagement and perspective in regard to international relations (IR), most particularly in the area of conflict and national security. Well begin with feminist scholar
Ann Tickners article on Hans Morgenthaus six principles of international relations. Tickner presents Morgenthaus ideas, then reformulates them in conjunction with feminist thinking. Morgenthau wrote in 1948, and his work
has become the basis for much of the work in international relations since then. But reading over his basic principles clearly shows a masculine bias. His first principle states
that like society in general, politics "is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature which is unchanging"; since it is unchanging, its possible to develop a
"rational theory that reflects these objective laws" (Tickner, 1988, p. 429). His second principle states that political realism is usually defined in terms of power, and stresses the "rational objective
and unemotional" (Tickner, 1988, p. 429). Of course these qualities-rationality, objectivity and lack of emotion-are consistently seen as being masculine, so it can be argued that simply by formulating these
principles as he has, Morgenthau has skewed international relations in favor of the male viewpoint. His third principle says that when interest is defined as power, it is an "objective
category which is universally valid" but that does not have a fixed meaning (Tickner, 1988, p. 429). Then he notes, "Power is the control of man over man" (Tickner, 1988,
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