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This 3 page paper provides a detailed critique of the Sullivan and Esmail Article "From Racial Uplift to Personal Economic Security"
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3 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_HVSulliv.rtf
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education as a means to a better life has changed over the years. Specifically, the authors argue that from the end of the Civil War through the early decades of
the 20th century, many blacks believed that education was a means to achieve not only financial success but also "equality, justice, and racial uplifting" but that this belief declined in
the late part of the century (Sullivan and Esmail, 1995, p. 148). Today, young African-Americans view education as a means of ensuring "personal economic security," not as a way to
achieve such ideals as "freedom, justice and racial betterment" (Sullivan and Esmail, 1995, p. 148). Some of the points the authors discuss include the fact that black education, while it
has improved, is still largely inferior to that of whites; and that earlier generations of blacks were much more interested in education, as they illustrate by examining entries from slave
diaries. Slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, but they felt education was so important "that slave fathers and slave mothers would learn how to read and write
from their children, from white children whom they took to school, wives of the slave owners who would surreptitiously teach slaves living in their quarters, and from groups of slaves
who would meet in secret hiding places to teach each other. (Sullivan and Esmail, 1995, p. 152). Since the punishment for learning to read was to have ones fingers cut
off, we can see how vitally important the slaves felt learning was. The question is why did the black attitude toward education change? Unfortunately, the authors do not seem to
have an answer for that question. They do a fine job of contrasting the educational situation of blacks in earlier eras with todays students, but they are unable to account
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